Goodbye, Cheese?

A woman is about to eat a piece of Camembert cheese that is saying “Enjoy me now. I won’t be around forever.”

Goodbye, Cheese?

Scientists say that a type of cheese called Camembert could be headed for extinction. What does that even mean?
A woman is about to eat a piece of Camembert cheese that is saying “Enjoy me now. I won’t be around forever.”
© Alliance/stock.adobe.com; Photo illustration Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Is it curtains for Camembert? A recent report seemed to suggest that a type of gooey, pungent cheese called Camembert could be headed for extinction. But what does that even mean?

To understand what’s going on, let’s start with fungus. Fungus is a part of many cheeses, such as the soft, stinky ones. Along with bacteria, fungi break down the molecules in ripening cheese, giving it a strong flavor and creamy texture.

The problem with Camembert, Brie, and some other kinds of cheese is that they’re made with a type of fungus called Penicillium camemberti. P. camemberti gives Camembert the white rind that helps make it recognizable to buyers. Scientists say this fungus doesn’t reproduce well, a situation that could lead to problems down the road.

P. camemberti wasn’t always used in the production of Camembert. Until about 1900, cheesemakers in France, the birthplace of Camembert, would place newly made Camembert in caves, where it would grow fungus naturally. But it takes a while for fungus to grow. To speed up production, cheesemakers began adding P. camemberti instead.

But P. camemberti can reproduce only through cloning—making exact copies. And over time, this has caused it to lose its genetic diversity. Now the fungus needs to be cloned, which makes its long-term survival less certain.

Many people responded to this news with a possible solution. Why not add a different type of fungus to Camembert—one that can reproduce? So far, that hasn’t happened.

But scientists say it will be a while before Camembert is in any real danger of disappearing.

“We always make it clear to journalists that there is no short-term danger to Camembert production,” researcher Tatiana Giraud told CNN. “What our articles say is that there is a great homogenization of [fungi] and that this reduces their ability to adapt, nothing more.”

Fun Fact

In 1840, Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom got an unusual wedding gift: a wheel of cheddar cheese weighing more than 1,000 pounds.
Queen Victoria stands next to Prince Albert and looks surprised as a giant wheel of cheese rolls in.
The Metropolitan Museum of Art (47.95.48), www.metmuseum.org, © Anton Starikov/Dreamstime.com; Animation Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

When Good Foods Go Away

Thomas Jefferson sits with some of the Founding Fathers and tells Benjamin Franklin he must try an apple.
© Rischgitz—Hulton Archive, Rob Lewine/Getty Images; Photo illustration Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Thomas Jefferson’s favorite kind of apple doesn’t exist anymore.

It may seem weird to think about a cheese going extinct, but many of the foods humans once enjoyed have disappeared.

In 1917, the Ansault pear was described as “buttery” with a “rich [and] sweet flavor.” It was said to be “better than any other pear.” Sounds amazing, right? But sadly, no one will ever get to eat another Ansault pear. Like the Kalimantan mango or the Taliaferro apple (Thomas Jefferson’s favorite), this species is now extinct.

Why would we let a delicious food item vanish?

When humans started shipping varieties of fruits and vegetables around the world, they made certain decisions about which ones to sell. They chose only the foods that could grow in large quantities and survive the long journey over hundreds or thousands of miles. The Ansault pear didn’t make the list. Its trees didn’t always bear fruit, so it wasn’t the moneymaker farmers wanted.

Experts say many plants have gone extinct because humans destroyed their habitat or didn’t maintain their populations.

Spreading Fungus Facts

Soft cheese with a white rind, sourdough bread, mushrooms, salami, and bottles of soy sauce.
© John, MelissaMN, JackF/stock.adobe.com, © Joanne Harris, László Nagy/Dreamstime.com; Photo composite Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Some people think fungus is gross. The truth is, we wouldn’t be where we are without it. Fungus is used to make some antibiotics and natural pesticides. It’s also responsible for the existence of all the foods in the photo above. You can learn more about fungus at Britannica.

WORD OF THE DAY

vitiate

PART OF SPEECH:

verb

Definition:

: to make (something) less effective : to ruin or spoil (something)

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School Buses Go Electric

An electric school bus is parked in a parking lot next to an electric charging station.

School Buses Go Electric

Seeking a cleaner way to transport students, more U.S. states are investing in electric school buses.
An electric school bus is parked in a parking lot next to an electric charging station.

© FREDERIC J. BROWN—AFP/Getty Images

Many students across the United States ride to school in yellow buses, most of which run on diesel fuel. But a growing number of school districts have adopted a cleaner way to transport their students. They’re investing in electric school buses.

California was the first state to begin purchasing school buses that run on electricity, about 10 years ago. Three of the state’s school districts made the switch, citing numerous benefits. Unlike traditional diesel buses, electric vehicles don’t produce a high volume of greenhouse gases that contribute to climate change. They also produce fewer toxic fumes, which can cause health problems. Studies show that the switch to cleaner technology can even improve students’ academic performance.

The transition to electric has been slow to spread across the country, partly because electric vehicles are costly to buy. And, while they don’t require traditional fuel, their batteries do need to be charged, which means charging stations must be installed where they don’t already exist. That costs money, too.

But a 2021 U.S. law called the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act included $5 billion to be distributed to school districts so they can replace their diesel buses with electric ones. Districts in 49 states have received funding, which is being distributed between 2022 and 2026. (Wyoming returned the money due to concerns about how well the buses would perform in the state’s cold climate.) Several states have passed laws requiring that their school districts increase the number of clean school buses they use.

So far, electric school buses make up a very small percentage of the nation’s total school bus fleet. But slowly, as more funding becomes available, changes are being set in motion.

Did You Know?

The school bus originated in the United States in the 1890s as a way to transport students who lived too far away to walk to school. Schools first used horse-drawn “school wagons” and then switched to vehicles like the one in this 1930 photo.

Adults in 1930s clothing stand around a 1930s school bus in front of a school in a rural area.

© Historical—Corbis Historical/Getty Images

By Bus, Car, Bike, or Foot

How do you get to school, and how does that compare to other U.S. students? The Bureau of Transportation Statistics, part of the federal government, looked at elementary and middle school students who live two miles or more from their schools. Here’s what they found.

Graphic called How Do Kids Get to School shows the percentage of students who take buses or cars versus those who walk.

U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics

Charged-Up Cars

Electric cars from 1905, 1924, and 2016.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., Library of Congress (LC-DIG-ppmsca-55465), © Mike Mareen/stock.adobe.com; Photo composite Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Electric cars have changed a lot through the years.

Electric vehicles may still be relatively rare, but they’ve been in existence since the 1880s! Learn how these automobiles work at Britannica.

WORD OF THE DAY

approbation

PART OF SPEECH:

noun

Definition:

: praise or approval

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Wendy’s Says Changes Are Coming

The exterior of a Wendy’s restaurant.

Wendy’s Says Changes Are Coming

Wendy’s is making some changes to its menu, but the company says it’s not raising prices.

The exterior of a Wendy’s restaurant.

© Andreistanescu/Dreamstime.com

Is Wendy’s raising its prices? Not exactly, but customers may soon see some changes on the fast-food chain’s menu.

In February, Wendy’s caused an uproar when it announced that it would be testing digital menus at its drive-throughs, as well as “dynamic pricing,” or “surge pricing.” Dynamic pricing is the practice of raising the price on goods and services during times when demand is highest. It’s already used at places like concert venues, bowling alleys, and movie theaters. Hotels, airlines, and ride-sharing apps like Uber use dynamic pricing as well. When Wendy’s used the term in its announcement, people took that to mean that hungry customers would soon see higher prices if they drove up to a Wendy’s at the wrong time.

But Wendy’s has since said that its announcement was misunderstood. The company says it has no plans to raise prices when demand is highest. Instead, it plans to lower prices when demand is low.

“We said these [digital] menu boards would give us more flexibility to change the display of featured items,” a Wendy’s spokesperson told NBC News. “Digital menu boards could allow us to change the menu offerings at different times of day and offer discounts and value offers to our customers more easily, particularly in the slower times of day.”

Wendy’s claims that the plan would benefit its customers. Robert Shumsky, a professor at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth, told National Public Radio (NPR) that this might be true.

“[Wendy’s] talked about, for example, getting more breakfast customers in,” Shumsky said. “They might actually reduce breakfast prices at certain times in order to encourage people to come during what they currently have as relatively low-demand periods.”

If Wendy’s goes ahead with the plan, there wouldn’t be any changes until 2025 or later.

Fun Fact

© Jeff Goode—Toronto Star/Getty Images

Wendy’s founder Dave Thomas and his daughter, Wendy. Yes, Wendy is real!

The first Wendy’s opened in 1969. The menu offered five items: hamburgers, chili, French fries, soft drinks, and the Frosty frozen dessert.

Happy Pi Day!

The number pi has an infinite number of digits!

 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

The number pi has an infinite number of digits!

March 14 is Pi Day, which has nothing to do with pies but is still pretty cool to think about. Pi Day honors pi, a number that starts as 3.1415926535 and has an infinite number of digits. So far, pi has been calculated to more than 50 trillion digits to the right of the decimal point! But, understandably, most people shorten pi to 3.14, And, since you can write March 14 as “3/14,” that date is celebrated around the world as Pi Day.

If you’ve learned about pi in school, you may already be thinking of a circle. Pi is a somewhat magical ratio related to the measurements of a circle. Let’s say you have a pizza pie (that’s pie, not pi) shaped like a circle. If you measure across the widest part of the pizza, that’s the diameter. And if you measure all the way around the pizza, that’s the circumference.

© Zitramon/Dreamstime.com; Composite illustration Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Here’s where the magic comes in: If you divide the circumference by the diameter, you’ll get a number that’s very close to 3.14, no matter what size your pizza is. And this is true for any circle.

The circumference and diameter of a pizza are given along with an equation in which circumference is divided by diameter to get 3.14.

© Zitramon/Dreamstime.com; Composite illustration Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

If all this talk about pie is making you hungry, there’s good news. Many people celebrate Pi Day by eating pie. Hey, why not?

Own a Piece of the Business

The logos of Church’s Chicken, Burger King, and other fast food chains are shown.

© Luca Marella/Dreamstime.com

Have you ever thought you’d like to run a business someday? One way to do it is to buy a franchise, the right to sell an existing product at a particular location. Wendy’s and many other fast-food companies operate through local franchises.

You can learn more about how franchises work at Britannica!

WORD OF THE DAY

brouhaha

PART OF SPEECH:
noun
Definition:

: great excitement or concern about something

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A Trailblazer’s Story

Portrait of Shirley Chisholm.

A Trailblazer’s Story

A new movie will tell the story of Shirley Chisholm, the first Black woman member of Congress.

Portrait of Shirley Chisholm.
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-U9-25383-33)
This 1972 photo was taken as Representative Shirley Chisholm announced that she was running for president.

The story of the first Black woman in Congress is coming to Netflix on March 22. Shirley (rated PG-13), starring Regina King in the title role, traces the life and career of trailblazing lawmaker Shirley Chisholm.

“What she did was so pioneering,” King, who is also a producer on the movie, told Harper’s Bazaar. “She was a true maverick and, you know, we use this term all the time, but she was a true first.”

Born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1924, Chisholm started her career as a nursery school teacher, eventually earning a master’s degree in early childhood education from Columbia University. Chisholm’s desire to tackle race and gender inequality led her to become more and more politically active. She belonged to the Brooklyn chapters of the League of Women Voters, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and the Urban League. 

In 1964, Chisholm won a seat in the New York state legislature, representing her Brooklyn district. Four years later, she was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where no Black woman had ever held a seat.

Chisholm’s dedication to the causes she believed in earned her the nickname “Fighting Shirley.” She introduced more than 50 pieces of legislation, spoke out for racial and gender equality, opposed the Vietnam War, and championed increased funding to fight poverty.

Shirley Chisholm speaks before a crowd and stands in front of the sign that reads equal rights for women.
Archive Photos/Getty Images
Representative Shirley Chisholm delivers a speech on women’s rights at an event in 1981.

In 1972, Chisholm campaigned to become the Democratic Party’s nominee for president. She was the first Black woman in the U.S. to seek the nomination from a major political party. However, she was not allowed to participate in televised debates and could not make televised speeches until she fought that decision in court. She eventually dropped out of the presidential race. Chisholm retired from Congress in 1983 and cofounded the National Political Congress of Black Women, an organization that supports political, educational, and economic opportunities for Black women. She died in 2005.

Chisholm’s biopic (biographical film) is being released 100 years after her birth. But King, who won an Academy Award in 2019 for her performance in If Beale Street Could Talk, says a movie about this political pioneer is long overdue.

“She felt such a strong sense of ‘If it’s not me, then who?’ And she didn’t see it any other way,” King told Harper’s Bazaar. “If no one else was doing it, she would take action.”

Did You Know?

Elizabeth Cady Stanton was the first woman to run for Congress. Stanton ran in 1866, more than 50 years before the 19th Amendment (1920) gave women the right to vote.

The photo above shows Stanton (seated, third from right) at an 1888 gathering of suffragists, activists who fought to extend the vote to women.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and many other suffragists pose for a group photo
Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Slow Progress

Today, there are many more women in government than there were when Shirley Chisholm served in Congress. But women are still underrepresented.

Pie charts show the percentage of female governors, representatives, senators, and lieutenant governors.
Tony Miller, © Michael Brochstein—SOPA Images/Shutterstock.com, New Jersey National Guard, Office of U.S. Senator Katie Britt, © Orhan Cam/Shutterstock.com; Infographic Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

International Women’s Day

North Wind Picture Archives, © PictureLux—The Hollywood Archive/Alamy, Addison N. Scurlock—Michael Ochs Archives, Bettmann/Getty Images, UPI/Bettmann Archive, NASA, Library of Congress (LC-USZ62-65195), National Portrait Gallery (NPG.87.43), Wellcome Collection, London; Photo composite Encyclopædai Britannica, Inc.

March is Women’s History Month in the United States, and March 8 is International Women’s Day around the world.

Learn more about International Women’s Day, and what it means, at Britannica.

WORD OF THE DAY

impetus

PART OF SPEECH:

noun

Definition:

: a force that causes something (such as a process or activity) to be done or to become more active

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March 5, 2026
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February 26, 2026
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Found at Last?

Amelia Earhart poses in front of her plane.

Found at Last?

A company believes it has found the wreckage of famed pilot Amelia Earhart’s plane. Does the evidence hold up?

Amelia Earhart poses in front of her plane.

NASA

Amelia Earhart poses in front of her Lockheed Electra airplane.

A U.S. company believes it has located the wreckage of famed aviator Amelia Earhart’s plane, more than 86 years after it disappeared over the Pacific Ocean. Is one of history’s biggest mysteries about to be solved?

Earhart and navigator Fred Noonan were last heard from on July 2, 1937, when they sent several radio transmissions while trying to land on Howland Island in the Pacific. They planned to refuel on Howland and then continue Earhart’s attempt to become the first woman to fly solo around the world. Since the pair disappeared, many individuals and organizations have searched the area. So far, no one has been able to find any surefire evidence that can be traced to Earhart’s flight.

A map showing the location of Howland Island along with photos of Earhart and the submersible operated by Deep Sea Vision.

Deep Sea Vision; Photo illustration Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Earhart intended to land on Howland Island in the Pacific Ocean.

But recently, marine robotic company Deep Sea Vision captured a blurry image of an undersea object that could be the wreckage of Earhart’s plane. The company used sonar technology, which uses sound waves to map the ocean floor, in the area around Howland Island. 

“Deep Sea Vision scanned more than 5,200 square miles of ocean floor with a 16-person crew and the Kongsberg Discovery HUGIN 6000, the most advanced unmanned underwater drone,” the company posted on Instagram.

The newly found object, which is located about 100 miles (161 kilometers) from the island, appears to be the shape of a Lockheed 10-E Electra, the plane Earhart was piloting. The object is about 16,400 feet (4,999 meters) underwater.

Deep Sea Vision

A sonar image captured by Deep Sea Vision is shown alongside an illustration of Amelia Earhart’s plane.

But some people say it’s too early to conclude that Earhart’s plane has been found because there’s no proof. Deep Sea Vision is planning to investigate further. In the meantime, Dorothy Cochrane of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum says it’s best to wait before deciding the case is closed.

“Another [Deep Sea Vision] expedition will hopefully result in photographic images with more clarifying details as to [the object’s] identity,” Cochrane wrote on CNN.com.

Did You Know?

Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (sn83045462)

Published in 1935, this newspaper page reveals Amelia Earhart’s superstar status.

Amelia Earhart achieved many flying “firsts,” including becoming the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean, in 1932. Her success made her a superstar. Earhart wrote books and articles about her flights and helped support the training of female pilots. And like today’s celebrities, she had her picture taken with movie stars and even became a fashion icon.

Flying High

Amelia Earhart was one of the most famous aviators of her day. But woman pilots took to the skies long before she did—and she inspired many more to follow in her footsteps. Here are just a few of them.

Harriet Quimby

Harriet Quimby became the first U.S. woman to earn a pilot’s license (1911) and the first woman to fly solo across the English Channel (1912).

Harriet Quimby smiles while sitting in an airplane cockpit.

George Grantham Bain Collection/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-USZ62-35551)

Jeanne-Genevieve Labrosse

In 1798, Jeanne-Genevieve Labrosse of France became the first woman to fly solo in a hot air balloon. Labrosse would go on to make several more flights.

 

Bessie Coleman

In 1921, Bessie Coleman became the first Black American woman to earn a pilot’s license. Unable to get a license in the United States due to racism, she earned it in France. In 1922, Coleman completed the first public flight by a Black American woman.

Portrait of Bessie Coleman wearing a pilot helmet with goggles on her head.

NASA

Bessica Raiche

In 1910, Bessica Raiche became the first U.S. woman credited with flying an airplane solo. Raiche and her husband later started an airplane manufacturing company. After she stopped flying, Raiche became a doctor of medicine.

 

Elinor Smith

In 1927, Elinor Smith became the youngest licensed pilot in the world. She was 16. Smith would go on to set several aviation records.

Elinor Smith wears an aviator jacket with goggles on her head as she smiles and waves from an airplane cockpit.

Smith Archive/Alamy

Katherine Sui Fun Cheung

In 1932, Katherine Sui Fun Cheung became the first Asian American woman to earn a pilot’s license in the United States. Cheung made a living as a stunt pilot, performing loops, barrel rolls, and other tricks at air shows.

 

Willa Brown

Willa Brown became the first Black American woman to earn a pilot’s license in the United States (1938) and the first to earn a commercial license (1939). She was also the first Black woman to become an officer in the Illinois Civil Air Patrol, an organization that supported the U.S. Air Force during World War II by performing homefront services that freed up eligible pilots so they could serve in the war overseas.

Willa Brown wearing a Civil Air Patrol uniform

Records of the Office of War Information/National Archives and Records Administration

Women’s History Month

Photo collage showing accomplished women in many fields from the past to the present.

seraficus—iStock, David Hume Kennerly, James D. Morgan, Jonas Gratzer, Azael Rodriguez, JP Yim, Space Frontiers—Archive Photos, Addison N. Scurlock—Michael Ochs Archives/Getty Images, U.S. Department of the Interior, Cia Pak/UN Photo; Photo composite Encycopædia Britannica, Inc.

March is Women’s History Month in the United States. You can learn about women who have made important contributions in many fields at Britannica.

WORD OF THE DAY

aeronautics

PART OF SPEECH:

noun

Definition:

: a science that deals with airplanes and flying

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In Case You Missed It

Figure skater Alysa Liu felt happy and confident at the 2026 Olympics. She skated off with a gold medal!
March 5, 2026
An all-women ranger team protects endangered animals on the Indonesian island of Sumatra.
February 26, 2026
Nima Rinji is showing the world the powerful spirit of the Sherpa people as he climbs the world’s tallest mountains.
February 19, 2026
Life wouldn’t be as fun without the work of these three inventors.
February 12, 2026

Spreading Library Joy

Headshot of Mychal Threets next to map of Solano county with various icons representing books and learning.

Spreading Library Joy

Librarian Mychal Threets uses social media to encourage his followers to find joy at their local library.

Headshot of Mychal Threets next to map of Solano county with various icons representing books and learning.
Courtesy of Project15, www.project15.co, © Rainer Lesniewski, Ratch0013/Dreamstime.com; Photo illustration Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Mychal Threets has become a library icon.

When Mychal Threets makes a video for his hundreds of thousands of social media followers, he usually talks about the place he loves the most: the library. Threets, a librarian himself, hopes to spread what he calls “library joy” by sharing uplifting stories and letting his followers know that the library is for everyone.

Threets was most recently the supervising librarian at the Fairfield Civic Center Library in Solano County, California, but his library journey started long ago. Beginning at age 3, he found magic among the books at his local library. When he got older, it made sense to carve out a career in public libraries. He got a job shelving books and then earned a master’s degree in library science. Today, he loves to see young people find the same library joy he did—children he refers to as “library kids.”

In one Instagram video, Threets tells his followers about a library kid who asked for chapter books about superheroes. Threets asked the kid if they were interested in graphic novels in addition to chapter books. The kid had never heard of graphic novels and was thrilled to find out there was even more to read about Black Panther and Thanos. They ended up borrowing two books and planned to return for more.

Threets is happy to see anyone return to the library—and hopes more people will make regular visits to their local public library. In addition to books, people at the Fairfield Civic Center Library can borrow musical instruments, baking equipment, and video games. There are audiobooks and resources in Spanish. There’s homework help, too. And in the bigger picture, the library is a place where everyone in the community can gather.

“The biggest resource is the library itself,” Threets told the Marin Independent Journal. “There is something for everybody.”

On February 23, Threets announced in an Instagram video that he would be leaving his job at the Fairfield Civic Center Library on March 1. Threets said he had made the decision in order to take care of his mental health, something he has always encouraged his followers to do. But Threets will keep a commitment to work with PBS as its resident librarian, a role he took earlier in February. Using social media, he’ll suggest books to read and continue to spread library joy.

Did You Know?

One of the earliest public libraries in the United States opened in Franklin, Massachusetts, in 1790. The people of Franklin had named their town after Benjamin Franklin. In return, they asked him to pay for a bell for their meeting house. Franklin gave books instead, explaining that “‘sense’ was preferable to ‘sound’.” Town leaders decided to make the book collection available to any resident.

Swampyank (CC BY 4.0)

The Franklin Public Library is the oldest in the country. Founded in 1790, it didn’t have its own building until 1904.

Read Across America

The book covers for Moonwalking, The Lost Ryū, and Aniana Del Mar Jumps In against a wavy, colorful background.
Penguin Random House, Levine Querido, Macmillan Publishers

March 2 is Read Across America Day. To mark the occasion, and to celebrate the power of books all year long, the National Education Association (NEA) posts book recommendations every month. Here are just a few of the NEA’s favorites.

Moonwalking, by Zetta Elliott and Lyn Miller-Lachmann

Two boys with seemingly different interests and backgrounds—punk rocker JJ and math geek/graffiti artist Pie—strike up a friendship and help each other navigate challenges at home and at school.

The Lost Ryū, by Emi Watanabe Cohen

Japan’s last big ryū—dragon—disappeared soon after World War II, long before Kohei was born. But Kohei somehow remembers the big dragons and understands the loss his ailing grandfather felt when they were gone. Kohei feels he must find the big ryū before it’s too late.

Aniana Del Mar Jumps In, by Jasminne Mendez

Aniana’s mother worries about the dangers of the water, but Aniana’s love for swimming is unshakeable. When Aniana is diagnosed with juvenile arthritis, swimming takes on a new meaning. Aniana faces a new future while her mother must rethink her fears.

Women’s History Month

An animated GIF shows portraits of prominent women from different fields and eras.
Addison N. Scurlock—Michael Ochs Archives, Stephen Shugerman, Andrew Burton, Clive Brunskill, Sasha—Hulton Archive, Hulton Archive/Getty Images; Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-DIG-ds-05052, LC-U9-25383-33, LC-DIG-ppmsca-23661); Courtesy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt Library and Museum; PRNewsFoto/XM Satellite Radio/AP Images; Sojourner Truth . . . From Her “Book of Life”; NASA;  Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; National Portrait Gallery, Smithsonian Institution (NPG.2009.36); © Tupungato/Dreamstime.com; Steve Petteway/Collection of the Supreme Court of the United States; Animation Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

March is Women’s History Month in the United States. The March 5 edition of “In the News!” will focus on women’s history. In the meantime, check out some related resources at Britannica!

WORD OF THE DAY

commonality

PART OF SPEECH:

noun

Definition:

: a shared feature or quality

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February 12, 2026

Message in a Bottle

Students put a message in a bottle and threw it into the ocean. Thirty years later, the message was found.

Message in a Bottle

Students put a message in a bottle and threw it into the ocean. Thirty years later, the message was found.

Students put a message in a bottle and threw it into the ocean. Thirty years later, the message was found.

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

When a teacher on New York state’s Long Island asked his science class to write messages and cast them into the Atlantic Ocean, he had no idea that one of the messages would help bring his students together more than 30 years later.

The bottle was found in early 2023 by Adam Travis, who spotted it in some marsh grass along Shinnecock Bay on Long Island. Inside, he found a piece of paper in perfect condition. It was dated 1992.

“Dear Finder,” the message read. “As part of an Earth Science project for 9th grade, this bottle was thrown into the Atlantic Ocean near Long Island. Please fill in the information below and return the bottle 2 us. Merci, Gracias, Danke, Thank You, Shawn and Ben.” 

The message was addressed from Mattituck High School on Long Island, so Travis went to the school’s alumni Facebook account and made a post about it. Pretty soon, comments were popping up.

The authors of the message were students in Richard E. Brooks’s Earth science class. The message in a bottle project was one of Brooks’s favorites. Brooks taught at Mattituck High School for 40 years. Based on the comments on the Facebook page, he was a favorite at his school. Many of his former students shared fond memories of their teacher.

“That shows that the things you do do matter, a lot, significantly,” Shawn Petretti, superintendent of the Mattituck-Cutchogue School District, told CBS News. “He had a significant impact.”

Brooks had passed away just a few months before, at age 83. The love he received on Facebook meant a lot to his son, John Brooks.

“My dad was never one to seek recognition, and it’s so fitting that he is now getting it,” John Brooks told CNN.

Over the years, people would stumble upon the bottles from Richard Brooks’s class in places as far away as Ireland and the Azores islands in Portugal, according to his son. Most bottles were found within four years. That makes the timing of this recent discovery—and its location close to home—very special.

“This development is just such a shot in the arm of positivity and heartwarming energy,” John Brooks said. He told CBS he planned to throw a message of his own into the ocean. He’ll write it about his dad.

“Maybe 32 years later, someone else will pick this up and have a smile on their face,” he said.

Did You Know?

© Hanna Syvak/stock.adobe.com; Composite illustration Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

According to legend, a Greek philosopher named Theophrastus was a fan of messages in bottles. Although there’s no proof of this, Theophrastus may have deposited a few bottles in the water in 310 BCE to test his theory that the Atlantic Ocean flowed into the Mediterranean Sea.

Tackling the Plastic Problem

This map shows the locations of the planet’s five gyres.

The Ocean Cleanup

Rediscovered messages in bottles have yielded all sorts of amazing stories, but scientists say it’s not a good idea to toss any bottle into the ocean. After all, it’s pollution.

Oceanographer Erik van Sebille says there’s a good chance that a bottle that’s cast into an ocean will never reach land. And besides, our oceans already contain way too much human garbage.

Van Sebille has dedicated his career to studying plastic garbage. You may have heard that there are five massive patches of plastic floating in the oceans. Van Sebille says the waste is concentrated in this way because plastic debris, fishing gear, and other garbage floats along currents and gets drawn to the ocean’s five rotating gyres. Gyres, which are a bit like whirlpools, suck in objects and hold them there. 

The video shows an ocean cleanup project in progress.

The Ocean Cleanup

The Last Frontier

NOAA Fisheries

Back when Theophrastus possibly threw a bottle into the ocean, he didn’t know where the currents would take it, let alone much else about the sea.

Amazingly, there’s still a lot we don’t know about the oceans, which are so vast and deep that they’re difficult to explore. But the more we learn, the more we understand how important oceans are. 

Check out the video, which shows scientists investigating a newly discovered species deep under the sea. Then click the link to learn more about oceans at Britannica.

WORD OF THE DAY

garner

PART OF SPEECH:

verb

Definition:

: to collect or gather (something)

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In Case You Missed It

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Teacher Wins a Grammy

Annie Ray poses in formal wear in front of a wall that says 66th Grammy Awards.

Teacher Wins a Grammy

Music teacher Annie Ray was honored at the Grammy Awards for her work with students with disabilities.

Annie Ray poses in formal wear in front of a wall that says 66th Grammy Awards.

Rodin Eckenroth/Getty Images Entertainment

Music teacher Annie Ray won a Grammy Award for teaching excellence.

Taylor Swift, Miley Cyrus, and SZA may have dominated the 2024 Grammy Awards, but not all the winners were recording artists. The 2024 Music Educator Grammy Award went to Annie Ray, a music teacher who started a program for students with disabilities.

Ray, who is orchestra director and head of the performing arts department at Annandale High School in Fairfax County, Virginia, started the Crescendo Orchestra to give all students the opportunity to learn about music. The students in the program have developmental and intellectual disabilities, and many are not verbal. But music is a language everyone shares, says Ray, who comes from a musical family and has played the harp since she was 5 years old.  

That belief helped spark the idea for the orchestra back in 2021. Ray teamed up with special education teachers to design the program. Students start by learning about rhythm, first with scarves and then with egg shakers. Eventually, they practice on a cardboard version of an orchestra instrument, learning how to care for it and store it properly. Finally, they receive the real thing. Ray also started a parent program that gives the students’ caregivers the opportunity to learn the same instruments as their children.

 

Annie Ray points to a screen that reads Which symbol is used to make one sound and shows several musical symbols.

Matt McClain—The Washington Post/Getty Images

In this 2021 photo, Annie Ray uses a projection screen to teach music to nonverbal students.

The Crescendo Orchestra program isn’t only about learning to play music. It’s about learning to work together—and realizing the value of making a mistake. Ray says the program has also given her a greater sense of the power of music.

“I really push my students to be bold, go outside their comfort zone and realize…we have to learn how to make bad sounds before we learn how to make good sounds,” Ray told National Public Radio (NPR).

A high school student plays the cello and another sits in a chair as both look at Annie Ray as she provides instruction.

Matt McClain—The Washington Post/Getty Image

In this 2021 photo, Annie Ray works with students Kevin Juramillo (right) and Max Fay (left).

Along with the Grammy Award, Ray received $10,000, which she’ll use to expand her music program. She also had a chance to attend the Grammys, where Taylor Swift hugged her, and Meryl Streep told her about how a music teacher changed her life. 

“This is the students’ award,” she told NPR. “I’m just lucky enough to have been a part of their journey and their process and to have been taught by them.”

Did You Know?

Studies have identified links between music education and greater confidence and creativity.

Students making various gestures conveying confidence are placed along three musical staves with treble clefs.
© Hanna Syvak/stock.adobe.com; Composite illustration Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

How a Teacher Inspired Lizzo

Lizzo is dressed in formal wear as she plays a flute on a red carpet in front of a crowd of photographers.
Sean Zanni—Patrick McMullan/Getty Images

These days, Lizzo is a Grammy-winning singer, songwriter, and flute player. But Lizzo wasn’t always Lizzo. She credits her high school music teacher with inspiring her to pursue her dreams.

Lizzo was born Melissa Jefferson in Detroit, Michigan, and moved to Houston, Texas, at age 10. Soon after, she started playing the flute in her middle school marching band. Melissa was already into music—she was a major fan of Beyoncé’s group, Destiny’s Child. But playing music was a whole new experience. She relished the feeling of accomplishment she got when she practiced her instrument and got better and better. She also loved the experience of working with other musicians to make a beautiful sound. Playing music together taught her how to work with others.

“[Playing in a marching band is] leaning on somebody and needing that support. I believe in the one sound. Everybody coming together to make that one sound,” Lizzo told CBS in 2019.

Although Lizzo worked hard to improve on the flute, she also had encouragement from Manny Gonzalez, her high school band teacher, who helped her get a college scholarship. A few years ago, she was reunited with him during a visit to her old high school. 

“You were like, ‘Get it together, girl, because you are special. Apply yourself.’ Those moments mean so much to me,” Lizzo told Gonzalez in a 2019 CBS News report. 

Lizzo’s dream changed over time. She originally wanted to be a classical musician but set her sights on pop when she discovered a love for singing and rapping. But her determination remained constant.

“I always knew that she would make it big,” Gonzalez told Texas Monthly. “Not just because she was good, but because she had her heart set on it.”

What’s Your Thing?

People doing different hobbies such as playing instruments, painting, and skateboarding.
© MicroOne/stock.adobe.com; Animation Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Being successful at a hobby isn’t necessarily about becoming the very best. Sometimes, it’s just the experience of trying something new. People have had hobbies for thousands of years. You can learn more about hobbies at Britannica.

WORD OF THE DAY

avocation

PART OF SPEECH:

noun

Definition:

: an activity that you do regularly for enjoyment rather than as a job

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Criss Cross

See if you can figure out where all the musical instruments fit into the puzzle.

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In Case You Missed It

Figure skater Alysa Liu felt happy and confident at the 2026 Olympics. She skated off with a gold medal!
March 5, 2026
An all-women ranger team protects endangered animals on the Indonesian island of Sumatra.
February 26, 2026
Nima Rinji is showing the world the powerful spirit of the Sherpa people as he climbs the world’s tallest mountains.
February 19, 2026
Life wouldn’t be as fun without the work of these three inventors.
February 12, 2026

Google’s New Video Tool

Animated Pillars of Creation, The Girl With the Pearl Earring, and Starry Night.

Google’s New Video Tool

Google Lumiere will let users create videos just by typing a short prompt.
Animated Pillars of Creation
Starry Night
The Girl With the Pearl Earring
Omer Bar-Tal (Google Research, Weizmann Institute), Hila Chefer (Google Research, Tel-Aviv University), Omer Tov (Google Research), et al. “Lumiere: A Space-Time Diffusion Model for Video Generation.” 2024.
Three examples of Google’s image-to-video technology.

If you’re interested in making videos simply by typing a text prompt, Google may soon have just the tool for you. It’s called Google Lumiere.

Lumiere uses artificial intelligence (AI) to generate videos based on a written description. A promotional video shows a text prompt reading, “Astronaut on the planet Mars making a detour around his base.” The resulting video shows a person in a space suit walking around the Red Planet. A prompt asking for a dog in sunglasses driving a car leads to a video showing a dog in sunglasses driving a car. These aren’t existing videos that Google found. They’re generated by AI, so the possibilities are endless.

Google isn’t the first company to develop this sort of technology. Many other companies have text-to-image creators, and a few have developed text-to-video generators like Lumiere. But many people who have watched Lumiere video clips report that, while Google’s product isn’t perfect, it creates the most realistic AI videos yet.

Animated dog with sunglasses driving a car,
astronaut walking on Mars
panda playing a ukulele

Omer Bar-Tal (Google Research, Weizmann Institute), Hila Chefer (Google Research, Tel-Aviv University), Omer Tov (Google Research), et al. “Lumiere: A Space-Time Diffusion Model for Video Generation.” 2024.

Three examples of Google’s text-to-video technology.

Lumiere has many additional capabilities. Users can turn images into videos, or just animate one part of an image. They can also edit existing videos and even repair damaged videos or fill in parts of a video that are missing.

As of February 2024, Lumiere was not yet available to use. But based on the video clips that Google has released, it’s easy to imagine what could be created in the future.

Did You Know?

In a 2023 study, people looked at images of real human faces and AI-generated human faces. The AI faces often fooled the test subjects, who believed they were real.

Try to guess if the faces below are real or AI-generated. Then hover over each one to see if you’re correct.

HUMAN

AI

HUMAN

AI

AI

HUMAN

AI

HUMAN

AI

© Tyler Olson/stock.adobe.com, © Leland Bobbe—DigitalVision/Getty Images, © Wavebreakmedia Ltd, Hel080808/Dreamstime.com, Sophie Nightingale

Fake or Not?

Tom Hanks pointing to a deepfake of himself, with each Hanks claim the other isn’t real.

© Featureflash, Donfiore/Dreamstime.com, © Hilch/Shutterstock.com; Photo illustration Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

AI technology can make it look like a dog is driving a car. So it makes sense that AI can also make it look like a famous person is saying something they never said.

A deepfake is an AI-generated image or video created to trick viewers into thinking that something happened that never did. One example is the creation of a social media video in which a celebrity appears to endorse, or recommend, a product that’s for sale. While celebrities sometimes make ads, deepfakes are different. They’re usually created without the celebrity’s knowledge or permission—and they’re not real.

Deepfakes are cause for concern because they could be used in harmful ways. For example, a person running for political office could manipulate the public’s trust by using the technology to make a video of their opponent saying something offensive.

Many people are calling on lawmakers to put limits on the use of deepfake technology.

Movie Magic

Behind the scenes of Star Wars IV, several characters stand in front of a camera at a remote canyon location.
© Twentieth Century Fox

Before there were online videos, there were movies. You can learn about filmmaking at Britannica!

WORD OF THE DAY

fabricate

PART OF SPEECH:

verb

Definition:
: to create or make up (something, such as a story) in order to trick people
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Wordrow

See if you can figure out the word. Type your guess. If a letter circle turns green, it is in the right place. If a letter circle turns gold, the letter is somewhere in the word, but it’s in the wrong place. All other letters are not part of the word.

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In Case You Missed It

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March 5, 2026
An all-women ranger team protects endangered animals on the Indonesian island of Sumatra.
February 26, 2026
Nima Rinji is showing the world the powerful spirit of the Sherpa people as he climbs the world’s tallest mountains.
February 19, 2026
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February 12, 2026

Ancient Teens Chewed Gum

A piece of chewed black tree pitch and two casts, with a scale in inches.

Ancient Teens Chewed Gum

A type of gum chewed by teens nearly 10,000 years ago is revealing a lot about how at least some young people lived.

A piece of chewed black tree pitch and two casts, with a scale in inches.

Kashuba, N., Kırdök, E., Damlien, H. et al. Commun Biol 2, 185 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0399-1

A piece of ancient gum (center) from a site in Sweden. The objects on either side are casts (molds) that were taken of the gum. 

Stone Age teens weren’t familiar with bubble gum, but they did chew another type of gum. Remnants of that sticky stuff are revealing a lot about their diet and oral health.

The “gum” in question is pitch, a sticky substance that comes from trees. Scientists found bits of prehistoric pitch at a site in Sweden in the 1990s. The pitch contained human saliva as well as teeth marks, indicating that it had been chewed. Further study revealed that the pitch was chewed between 9,890 and 9,540 years ago by male and female teens, as well as kids as young as 5 years old.

A pile of birch tar pitch atop a piece of wood in a snowy area.

Jorre (CC BY-SA 3.0)

This photo shows pitch from birch trees, which is what ancient teens once chewed.

Scientists aren’t sure why young people would have chewed the gum. The most likely reason is that they were making it sticky so that it could serve as glue for the assembly of tools and weapons, or to repair a hole in a boat. But there are other possibilities.

“[Tool assembly] is a most likely hypothesis,” Anders Gotherstrom, who co-authored a 2024 study on the ancient gum, told Agence France-Presse. “[Or it] could of course have been chewed just because they liked [it] or because they thought that [it] had some medicinal purpose.” 

Whatever the reason for it, the Stone Age gum habit tells scientists a lot about the people of that period—at least those who lived in that part of Sweden. Through a DNA analysis, scientists were able to determine that the ancient kids and teens had recently eaten deer, trout, apples, hazelnuts, and more.

Bacteria found on some of the gum indicated that at least one of the teens was suffering from gum disease. The tree pitch itself wouldn’t have caused the disease, so there had to be some other explanation. According to scientists, prehistoric children in that part of the world used their teeth as tools—to cut through furs and even whittle bones. It’s possible that this process introduced harmful bacteria to their mouths.

NEWS EXTRA

Super Bowl Champs!

Two football players hug in celebration on the field as other players in the same uniform look on.

Jeff Speer—Icon Sportswire/Getty Images

Kansas City Chiefs wide receiver Mecole Hardman celebrates with Chiefs quarterback Patrick Mahomes (number 15). Hardman caught the game-winning touchdown pass.

For the second year in a row, the Kansas City Chiefs are Super Bowl champions. The Chiefs scored a 25-22 victory over the San Francisco 49ers, becoming the first team to win two consecutive Super Bowl titles since the New England Patriots nearly 20 years ago.

The Chiefs are only the seventh team in NFL history to win four Super Bowls.

Did You Know?

A man in 19th century clothing asks a similarly dressed man for a piece of gum and the other man directs him to a forest.

Wagner & M’Guigan/Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. (LC-DIG-pga-14024), © Zlikovec/Dreamstime.com; Photo illustration Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

The first branded chewing gum was introduced in 1848 by American John Bacon Curtis. Called State of Maine Pure Spruce Gum, it was made from spruce tree resin.

Who Used These Tools?

Two hands hold stone weapons, one much smaller than the other.

Dr. Robert J. Losey

These two stone weapons were discovered at a 1,700-year-old site in Oregon. Scientists believe the one on the right was designed for a child.

Life was not all fun and games for prehistoric kids and teens. A 2018 study examined tools and hunting weapons from a site in Oregon that dates back about 1,700 years and found that some of the artifacts were small enough to have been used by child-sized hands. Scientists believe that ancient children in the area were expected to practice using these items so they’d be experts by the time they reached adulthood.

Scientists have found similar, small-scale prehistoric items in Sweden, Russia, and Greenland, adding to the growing evidence that prehistoric parents expected their kids to learn useful skills. It makes sense since these skills would have been essential to survival.

Dig Into Archaeology

A man lies on his stomach and applies a brush to an object at an archaeological site.

David Mercado—Reuters/Newscom

In this 2007 photo, archaeologist Roger Angel Cossio cleans the remains of a 1,300-year-old tomb discovered in western Bolivia.

Since humans existed long before writing was invented, learning about early humans requires a lot of detective work. Archaeologists learn about our ancient past by studying the materials ancient humans left behind. You can learn about this exciting field at Britannica!

WORD OF THE DAY

masticate

PART OF SPEECH:

verb

Definition:

: to chew (food)

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Crossword

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In Case You Missed It

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February 26, 2026
Nima Rinji is showing the world the powerful spirit of the Sherpa people as he climbs the world’s tallest mountains.
February 19, 2026
Life wouldn’t be as fun without the work of these three inventors.
February 12, 2026